FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR PREVALENCE OF ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE AMONG DIABETIC-DISABLED ADULTS
Keywords:
diabetes, disability, elevated blood pressure, risk ratio, logistic regressionDOI:
https://doi.org/10.17654/0973514325024Abstract
In the present paper, the information is provided from the analytical results of data collected from 995 adults of Bangladesh. Among them 1.8% were suffering simultaneously from diabetes, disability, and elevated blood pressure. The risk of these 3 diseases was more among urban, Muslim, female, married person, younger adult of ages 25 to less than 40 years, secondary level educated, housewife, and obese adults. Lower economic condition, physical inactivity, and early stage of diabetes were also the risk factors for the diseases. Except duration of diabetes, the related variables of the above-mentioned levels were independent of prevalence of the diseases under consideration. However, in fitting the logistic regression, it was seen that one unit increase in body mass index, and in duration of diabetes, there would be increase in prevalence of the diseases.
Received: April 28, 2025
Accepted: July 9, 2025
References
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[58] WHO: Report of the Sixth Meeting of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on Diabetes: Virtual Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 24-25 June 2024.[1] Gary L. Schwartz, Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure: Your Personal Guide to Preventing and Managing Hypertension, Mayo Clinic Press, 2023.
[2] Amina A. Belal and K. C. Bhuiyan, Factors responsible for prevalence of elevated blood pressure among obese adults in Bangladesh, Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 8 (2024), 35-41.
[3] Amina A. Belal, Factors responsible for prevalence of cardiovascular disease among patients of elevated blood pressure, Series of Medical Science 5 (2024), 1-11.
[4] K. C. Bhuiyan, Risk factors for prevalence of disability among patients of elevated blood pressure, Journal of Gynaecology Care and Child Wellness Research 1(1) (2024), 2.
[5] K. C. Bhuiyan, Factors responsible for elevated blood pressure among Bangladeshi adults, Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research 29 (2020), 22755-22761.
[6] NHBPEPWG Report on Hypertension in the Elderly, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group, 23, 1997, pp. 275-285.
[7] A. S. Cifu and A. M. Davies, Prevention, detection, evaluation and management of high blood pressure in adults, JAMA 318 (2017), 2132-2134.
[8] K. Jugal, N. Gupta, C. Kohli and N. Kumar, Prevalence of hypertension and determination of its risk factors in rural Delhi, International Journal of Hypertension 2016 (2016), 1-6.
[9] Amina A. Belal and K. C. Bhuiyan, Socioeconomic variables responsible for prevalence of kidney disease in patients of diabetes-elevated blood pressure, Unpublished Research Paper, 2024.
[10] K. C. Bhuiyan, Factors responsible for prevalence of diabetes hypertension among Bangladeshi adults, J. Dia. Metab. 11(851) (2020), 1-7.
[11] F. H. Messerli, S. F. Rimoldi and S. Bangalore, The transition from hypertension to heart failure: contemporary update, JACC Heart Fail 5 (2017), 542-551.
[12] V. I. Burt, P. Whelton, E. J. Roccella, C. Brown, J. A. Cutler, W. D. Hall and M. J. Horan, Prevalence of hypertension in the adult US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991, Hypertension 25 (1995), 305-313.
[13] K. Hu, C. Chengxing and Y. Qin, Prevalence and challenges of hypertensive heart disease in the real world, International Journal of Hypertension 2019 (2019), Article ID 5430358.
[14] J. R. Sowers, M. Epstein and E. D. Frohlich, Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: an update, Hypertension 37 (2001), 1053-1059.
[15] M. V. Bernard, B. M. Cheung and C. Li, Diabetes and hypertension: is there a common metabolic pathway? Current Atherosclerosis Reports 14 (2012), 160-166.
[16] R. J. Mahler, Diabetes and hypertension, Hormone and Metabolic Research 22 (1990), 599-607.
[17] B. M. Cheung, The hypertension-diabetes continuum, Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 55 (2010), 333-339.
[18] World Health Organization, Noncommunicable diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2023.
[19] World Health Organization, Classification of diabetes mellitus, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2019.
[20] International Diabetes Federation, Diabetes Atlas, 10th ed., International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium, 2021.
[21] H. Chandrashekar, C. N. Kumar, N. R. Prashanth and P. Kasthuri, Disabilities research in India, Indian Journal of Psychiatry 52 (2010), 281-285.
[22] V. Lewis, Development and Disability, 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2003.
[23] T. Shakespeare, The social model of disability, L. J. Davis, ed., The Disability Studies Reader, Routledge, New York, U. S. A., 2013, pp. 214-221.
[24] S. Z. Nagi, An epidemiology of disability among adults in the U.S.A., Health and Society 54 (1976), 439-467.
[25] N. D. Hollis, Q. C. Zhang, A. C. Cyrus, E. Courtney-Long, K. Watson and D. Carroll, Physical activity types among U.S. adults with mobility disability, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2017, Disability and Health Journal 13 (2020), 100888.
[26] American Diabetes Association, Is Diabetes a Disability? American Diabetes Association, Arlington, U.S.A., 2024.
[27] W. G. Edward, G. L. A. Gloria, D. F. William, S. G. Leveille, J. A. Langlois, M. M. Engelgau and K. M. Narayan, Diabetes and physical disability among older U.S. adults, Diabetes Care 23 (2000), 1272-1277.
[28] American Association of Diabetes Educators, Practice Paper, American Association of Diabetes Educators, Chicago, U.S.A., 2015.
[29] M. Tabesh, J. Shaw, P. Z. Zimmet, S. Stefan, N. K. Digsu, A. Peeters and J. E. Shaw, Association between type 2 diabetes and disability: what is the contribution of diabetes risk factors and diabetes complications, Journal of Diabetes 10 (2018), 744-752.
[30] K. C. Bhuyan, Identification of risk factors for diabetes disability among Bangladeshi adults, Current Research in Diabetes and Obesity Journal 14 (2020), 555877.
[31] N. Robinson, Disability and diabetes, International Disability Studies 12 (2009), 28-31.
[32] A. Sabrina, F. Mithila, M. Moniruzzaman, N. U. Robby, A. Fatema, Y. Yuichiro, M. Katsuyuki and M. S. A. Masur, The pattern of physical disability and determinants of activities of daily living among people with diabetes in Bangladesh, Endocrine Diabetes and Metabolism 5 (2022), e365.
[33] D. G. Bruce, W. A. Davis and T. M. Davis, Longitudinal predictors of reduced mobility and physical disability in patients with type 2 diabetes: the fremantle diabetes study, Diabetes Care 28 (2005), 2441-2447.
[34] C. A. Okoro, N. D. Hollis, A. C. Cyrus and S. Griffin-Blake, Prevalence of disabilities and health care access by disability status and type among adults - United States, 2016, MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67 (2018), 882-887.
[35] U. Tas, A. P. Verhagen, S. M. Bierma-Zeinstra, M. Hofman, A. Odding and H. A. Pols, Incidence and risk factors of disability in the elderly: the Rotterdam study, Preventive Medicine 44 (2007), 272-278.
[36] L. Bianchi, G. Zuliani and S. Volpato, Physical disability in the elderly with diabetes: epidemiology and mechanisms, Current Diabetes Reports 13 (2013), 824-830.
[37] S. F. Lin, A. N. Beck, B. K. Finch, R. A. Hummer and R. K. Master, Trends in U.S. older adult disability: exploring age, period, and cohort effects, American Journal of Public Health 102 (2012), 2157-2163.
[38] J. M. Guralnik, L. P. Fried and M. F. Salive, Disability as a public health outcome in the aging population, Annual Review of Public Health 17 (1996), 25-46.
[39] W. G. Edward, M. M. Crol, J. A. Crol, T. J. Theodore, A. V. Schwartz, S. Hannan, D. P. Kiel and D. T. Felson, Diabetes and incidence of functional disability in older women, Diabetes Care 25 (2002), 61-67.
[40] A. H. Mokdad, E. S. Ford, B. A. Bowman, W. H. Dietz, F. Vinicor, V. S. Bales and J. S. Marks, Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and related health-risk factors, JAMA 289 (2001), 76-79.
[41] A. A. Miller and S. J. Spencer, Obesity and neuroinflammation: a pathway to cognitive impairment, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 42 (2014), 10-21.
[42] J. H. Rimmer, K. Yamaki and L. C. Vogel, Obesity and overweight prevalence among adolescents with disabilities, Preventing Chronic Disease 8 (2011), A41.
[43] A. Tucker, T. Visscher and H. Pieavet, Overweight and health problems of the lower extremities: osteoarthritis, pain, and disability, Public Health Nutrition 12 (2009), 1-10.
[44] Y. M. Na, H. A. Park, K. Y. Cho, W. Kyoung, Y. I. Hur, Y. N. Kim and S. H. Lee, Obesity, obesity-related diseases and disability, Korean Journal of Family Medicine 37 (2011), 412-422.
[45] A. Peeters, L. Bonneux, W. J. Nusselder, C. D Lact and J. J. Barendregt, Adult obesity and the burden of disability throughout life, Obesity Research 12 (2004), 1145-1151.
[46] L. J. Ellis, R. Lang and J. P. Shield, Obesity and disability: a short review, Obesity Reviews 7 (2006), 341-345.
[47] E. Weil, M. Wachterman, E. P. McCarthy, R. B. Davis, E. P. O’Day, L. I. Iezzoni and C. Wee, Obesity in adults with disabling conditions, JAMA 288 (2002), 1265-1268.
[48] WHO World Report on Disability, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2016.
[49] N. Akhter, Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment, Delta Medical College Journal 7 (2019), 35-48.
[50] BBS, Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh 2017, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018.
[51] T. Biswas, S. P. Garnett and R. Lal, The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in Bangladesh: data from a national survey, PLoS One 12 (2017), e0177395.
[52] World Health Organization, Appropriate body mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies, Lancet 363 (2004), 157-163.
[53] D. W. Hosmer, S. Lemeshow and R. Sturdivant, Applied Logistic Regression, Books, Google.Com, 2013.
[54] G. Gasso, Logistic Regression, INSA Rouen-ASI Department Laboratory, Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray, France, 2019.
[55] M. P. Lavally, Logistic regression, American Heart Association, Circulation 117(8) (2008), 106-682658.
[56] T. G. Nick, Logistic Regression: Topics in Biostatistics, Springer, 2007.
[57] K. C. Bhuyan, Introduction to Meta Analysis, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2020.
[58] WHO: Report of the Sixth Meeting of the WHO Technical Advisory Group on Diabetes: Virtual Meeting, Geneva, Switzerland, 24-25 June 2024.
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